| This
genus is the only genus of actual land tortoises living
naturally in North America and northern parts of Mexico.
The genus holds four species.
Gopherus
Rafinesque, 1832
Scaptochelys
Bramble, 1982
Xerobates |
|
Gopherus
agassizii (Cooper, 1863)
Gopherus
polyphemus agassizii (Cooper, 1863)
Testudo agassizii (Cooper, 1863)
Xerobates agassizii Cooper, 1863
Xerobates lepidocephalus Ottley
& Velázques Solis, 1989 |
Distribution: Mexico
and USA. |
Gopherus
berlandieri (Agassiz, 1857)
Gopherus
polyphemus berlandieri (Agassiz, 1857)
Testudo berlandieri (Agassiz, 1857)
Xerobates berlandieri Agassiz, 1857
|
Distribution: Mexico
and USA. |
| Gopherus
flavomarginatus Legler, 1959
Distribution: Mexico.
|
Gopherus
polyphemus (Daudin, 1802)
Gopherus
polyphemus polyphemus (Daudin, 1802)
Testudo depressa Guérin-Méneville,
1829
Testudo gopher Gray, 1844
Testudo polyphemus Daudin, 1802 |
Distribution: USA.
|
|
|
| Literature |
| Alford,
R.A. 1980. Population Structure of Gopherus polyphemus
in Northern Florida. J. Herpetol., 14(2): 177-182. |
Anderson, M. C., J. M. Watts, Jerry E. Freilich, S.R.
Yool, G. I. Wakefield, J. F. McCauley & P. B. Fahnstock.
2000. Regression tree modeling of desert tortoise habitat
in the central Mojave Desert. Ecol. Applications, 10(3):
890-900. |
Arata, A.A. 1958. Notes on the eggs and young of Gopherus
polyphemus (Daudin). Quart. J. Florida Acad. Sci.,
21: 274-280. |
| Aresco,
M.J. 1999. Habitat Structures Associated with Juvenile
Gopher Tortoise Burrows on Pine Plantations in Alabama.
Chel. Conserv. Biol., 3(3): 507-509. |
| Aresco,
M.J. & C. Guyer. 1999. Growth of the Tortoise Gopherus
polyphemus in Slash Pine Plantations of Southcentral
Alabama. Herpetologica, 55(4): 499-506. |
| Ashton,
R.E., Jr. & P.S. Ashton. 2001. Gopherus polyphemus.
Use of Abandoned Burrows by Juveniles. Herpetol. Rev.,
32(3): 185-186. |
Auffenberg, W. & R. Franz. 1982. The status and distribution
of the Gopher Tortoise (Gopherus polyphemus).
Pp. 95-126. in: Bury, R.B. (ed.). North American
Tortoises: Conservation and Ecology. U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service, Wildl. Res. Rep., 12, Washington D.C. |
| Averill-Murray,
R.C. 2000. Arizona Game and Fish Department “Sponsor-a-Tortoise”
Program. Turtle Tortoise Newsl., 2: 8-9. |
| Bailey,
S.J., C.R. Schwalbe & C.H. Lowe. 1995. Hibernaculum
Use by a Population of Desert Tortoises (Gopherus
agassizii) in the Sonoran Desert. J. Herpetol., 29(3):
361-369. |
| Barrett,
S.L. 1990. Home Range and Habitat of the Desert Tortoise
(Xerobates agassizi) in the Picacho Mountains
of Arizona. Herpetologica, 46(2): 202-206. |
| Behler,
J.L. & F.W. King. 1979. The Audubon Society Field
Guide to North American Reptiles & Amphibians. Alfred
A. Knopf, New York, 743 pp. |
| Berish,
J.E.D., L.D. Wendland & C.A. Gates. 2000. Distribution
and Prevalence of Upper Respiratory Tract Disease in Gopher
Tortoises in Florida. J. Herpetol., 34(1): 5-12. |
| Berry,
K.H. 1986. Desert Tortoise (Gopherus agassizii)
Research in California, 1976-1985. Herpetologica, 42(1):
62-67. |
| Berry,
K.H. 1986. Desert Tortoise (Gopherus agassizii)
Relocation: Implications of Social Behavior and Movements.
Herpetologica, 42(1): 113-125. |
Berry, K. 1997. Demographic consequences of disease in
two desert tortoise populations in California, USA. Pp.
91-99. In: Abbema, J. van (ed.). Proceedings
Conservation, Restoration, and Management of Tortoises
and Turtles. An International Conference. New York Turtle
and Tortoise Society, New York. |
Berry, K.H. & M.M. Christopher. 2001. Guidelines for
the field evaluation of desert tortoise health and disease.
J. Wildl. Diseases, 37: 427-450. |
Berry, K.H., L.L. Nicholson, S. Juarez & A.P. Woodman.
1986. Changes in desert tortoise populations at four study
sites in California. Proc. Desert Tortoise Council Symp.,
1986: 60-80. |
Boglioli, M. 1999. Burrow Disperation and Occupancy Patterns
as They Relate to Habitat Parameters and Social Behavior
in the Gopher Tortoise, Gopherus polyphemus.
Unpubl. ms. thesis, Auburn Univ., Alabama. |
| Boglioli,
M.D., W.K. Michener & C. Guyer. 2000. Habitat Selection
and Modification by the Gopher Tortoise, Gopherus
polyphemus, in Georgia Longleaf Pine Forest. Chel.
Conserv. Biol., 3(4): 699-705. |
| Boone,
J.L. & E.A. Holt. 2001. Sexing Young Free-Ranging
Desert Tortoises (Gopherus agassizii) Using External
Morphology. Chel. Conserv. Biol., 4(1): 28-33. |
| Boone,
J.L., D.L. Rakestraw & K.R. Rautenstrauch. 1999. Gopherus
agassizii. Predation. Herpetol. Rev., 30(1): 40. |
| Breininger,
D.R., P.A. Schmalzer & C.R. Hinkle. 1991. Estimating
Occupancy of Gopher Tortoise (Gopherus polyphemus)
Burrows in Coastal Scrub and Slash Pine Flatwoods. J.
Herpetol., 25(3): 317-321. |
| Breininger,
D.R., P.A. Schmalzer & C.R. Hinkle. 1994. Gopher Tortoise
(Gopherus polyphemus) Densities in Coastal Scrub
and Slash Pine Flatwoods in Florida. J. Herpetol., 28(1):
60-65. |
| Bringsøe,
H. 1992. Ynglepleje blandt skildpadder og tuataraer. NHF,
35(5): 71-76. |
Brode, E.E. 1959. Notes on the behavior of Gopherus
polyphemus. Herpetologica, 15: 101-102. |
Brown, M.B., I.M. Schumacher, P.A. Klein, K. Harris, T.
Correll & E.R. Jacobson. 1994. Mycoplasma agassizii
causes upper respiratory disease in the desert tortoise.
Infec. Immun., 62: 4580-4586. |
| Burke,
R.L., M.A. Ewert, J.B. McLemore & D.R. Jackson. 1996.
Temperature-Dependent Sex Determination and Hatching Success
in the Gopher Tortoise (Gopherus polyphemus).
Chel. Conserv. Biol., 2(1): 86-88. |
| Buskirk,
J.R. 2001. Unterwegs in der Mojave-Wüste. elaphe,
9(1): 83-86. |
| Butler,
J.A., R.D. Bowman, T.W. Hull & S. Sowell. 1995. Movements
and Home Range of Hatchling and Yearling Gopher Tortoises,
Gopherus polyphemus. Chel. Conserv. Biol., 1(3):
173-180. |
| Butler,
J.A. & T.W. Hull. 1996. Reproduction of the Tortoise,
Gopherus polyphemus, in Northeastern Florida.
J. Herpetol., 30(1): 14-18. |
| Butler,
J.A. & S. Sowell. 1996. Survivorship and Predation
of Hatchling and Yearling Gopher Tortoises, Gopherus
polyphemus. J. Herpetol., 30(3): 455-458. |
| Causey,
M.K. & C.A. Cude. 1978. Feral Dog Predation of the
Gopher Tortoise, Gopherus polyphemus (Reptilia,
Testudines, Testudinidae) in Southeast Alabama. Herpetol.
Rev., 9(3): 94-95. |
| Clark,
E.E., R.N. Tsaliagos & A.B. Pittman. 2001. Geographic
Distribution. Gopherus polyphemus. Herpetol.
Rev., 32(3): 191. |
| Diemer,
J.E. 1986. The Ecology and Management of the Gopher Tortoise
in the Southeastern United States. Herpetologica, 42(1):
125-133. |
| Diemer,
J.E. 1992. Home Range and Movements of the Tortoise Gopherus
polyphemus in Northern Florida. J. Herpetol., 26(2):
158-165. |
| Diemer,
J.E. 1992. Demography of the Tortoise Gopherus polyphemus
in Northern Florida. J. Herpetol., 26(3): 281-289. |
Diemer, J.E. & C.T. Moore. 1994. Reproduction of Gopher
Tortoises in north-central Florida. Pp. 129-137. In:
Bury, R.B. & D.J. Germano (eds.). Biology of
North American Tortoises. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
Fish and Wildlife Research, 13: Washington, DC. |
Doak, D., P. Kareiva & B. Klepetka. 1994. Modeling
population viability for the desert tortoise in the western
Mojave Desert. Ecol. Applic., 4: 446-460. |
| Douglass,
J.F. 1978. Refugia of Juvenile Gopher Tortoises, Gopherus
polyphemus (Reptilia, Testudines, Testudinidae).
J. Herpetol., 12(3): 413-415. |
Douglass, J.F. & C.E. Winegarner. 1977. Predators
of eggs and young of the Gopher Tortoise, Gopherus
polyphemus (Reptilia, Testudines, Testudinidae) in
southern Florida. J. Herpetol., 11: 235-236. |
Duda, J.J., A.J. Krzysik & J.E. Freilich. 1999. Effects
of drought on Desert Tortoise movement and activity. J.
Wildlife Manag., 63(4):1181-1192. |
| Epperson,
D.M. & C.D. Heise. 2003. Nesting and Hatching Ecology
of Gopher Tortoises (Gopherus polyphemus) in
Southern Mississippi. J. Herpetol., 37(2): 315-324. |
| Epperson,
D.M. & L.D. Wendland. 1997. Gopherus polyphemus.
Nesting. Herpetol. Rev., 28(2): 87. |
| Ernst,
C.H. & R.W. Barbour. 1989. Turtles of the World. Smithsonian
Institution Press, Washington, D.C., and London, 314 pp. |
| Ernst,
C.H., J.E. Lovich & R.W. Barbour. 1994. Turtles of
the United States and Canada. Smithsonian Inst. Press,
Washington, 578 pp. |
| Foreman,
L.D., J.M. Brode, R. Haussler & K. Kramer. 1986. The
Responsibilities of Federal and State Agencies for Protection
of the Desert Tortoise in California. Herpetologica, 42(1):
59-62. |
Freilich, J.E., K.P. Burnham, C.M. Collins & C.A.
Garry. 2000. Factors affecting population assessments
of Desert Tortoises. Conserv. Biol., 14(5):1479-1489.
|
Freilich, J.E. & E.L. LaRue, Jr. 1998. Importance
of observer experience in finding Desert Tortoises. J.
Wildlife Manag., 62(2): 590-596. |
Germano, D.J. & M.A. Joyner. 1988. Changes in a desert
tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) population after
a period of high mortality. Pp. 190-198. In: Management
of amphibians, reptiles, and small mammals in North America.
U.S. Department Interior, U.S. Forest Service. |
Germano, D.J. & M.A. Joyner. 1994. Does high adult
mortality equal a population crash for desert tortoises
in the Piute Valley, Nevada? Pp. 101-111. In: Beaman,
K.R. (ed.). Proceedings of the 1987-1991 Symposia of the
Desert Tortoise Council. Desert Tortoise Council, Palm
Desert. |
| Gibbons,
J.W. 1986. Movement Patterns among Turtle Populations:
Applicability to Management of the Desert Tortoise. Herpetologica,
42(1): 104-113. |
Godley, J.S. 1989. Comparison of Gopher Tortoise populations
relocated onto reclaimed phospatemined sites in Florida.
Pp. 43-58. in: Diemer, J.E. et al. (eds). Gopher
Tortoise Relocation Symposium Proceedings. Florida Game
and Fresh Water Fish Commission, Nongame Wildlife Program
Technical Report 5, Tallahassee, FL. |
| Guyer,
C. & S.M. Hermann. 1997. Patterns of Size and Longevity
of Gopher Tortoise (Gopherus polyphemus) Burrows:
Implications for the Longleaf Pine Ecosystem. Chel. Conserv.
Biol., 2(4): 507-513. |
| Heinrich,
G., L.A. MacDonald & J.D. McMurtray. 1995. Gopherus
polyphemus. Burrow Associate. Herpetol. Rev., 26(4):
204. |
Hellgren, E., R. Kazmaier, D. Ruthven III & D. Synatzke.
2000. Variation in tortoise life history: demography of
Gopherus berlandieri. Ecology, 81: 1297-1310. |
Henen, B.T., C.C. Peterson, I.R. Wallis, K.H. Berry &
K.A. Nagy. 1998. Effects of climatic variation on field
metabolism and water relations of desert tortoises. Oecologia,
117: 365-373. |
Hurley, J. 1993. Reproductive biology of the Gopher Tortoise
Gopherus polyphemus in Louisiana. Unpubl. ms
Thesis, Southeastern Louisiana Univ., Hammond, LA. |
Iverson, J.B. 1980. The reproductive biology of Gopherus
polyphemus (Chelonia: Testudinidae). Amer. Midl.
Nat., 103: 353-359. |
| Iverson,
J.B. 1992. A Revised Checklist with Distribution Maps
of the Turtles of the World. Richmond, IN: Privately printed,
363 pp. |
| Jackson,
D.R. & T.E. Ostertag. 1999. Gopherus polyphemus.
Scavenging. Herpetol. Rev., 30(1): 40. |
| Jacobson,
E.R., M.B. Brown, I.M. Schumacher, B.R. Collins, R.K.
Harris & P.A. Klein. 1995. Mycoplasmosis and the Desert
Tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) in Las Vegas Valley,
Nevada. Chel. Conserv. Biol., 1(4): 279-284. |
Jacobson, E.R., J.M. Gaskin, M.B. Brown, R.K. Harris,
C.H. Gardiner, J.L. Lapointe, H.P. Adams & C. Regiarrdo.
1991. Chronic upper respiratory tract disease of free-ranging
desert tortoises, Xerobates agassizii. J. Wildl.
Dis., 27: 296-316. |
| Judd,
F.W. & J.C. McQueen. 1980. Incubation, Hatching, and
Growth of the Tortoise, Gopherus berlandieri.
J. Herpetol., 14(4): 377-380. |
| Kazmaier,
R.T., E.C. Hellgren, D.R. Synatzske & J.C. Rutledge.
2001. Mark-Recapture Analysis of Population Parameters
in a Texas Tortoise (Gopherus berlandieri) Population
in Southern Texas. J. Herpetol., 35(3): 410-417. |
| Kushlan,
J.A. & F.J. Mazzotti. 1984. Environmental Effects
on a Coastal Population of Gopher Tortoises. J. Herpetol.,
18(3): 231-239. |
Lamb, T., J.C. Avise & J.W. Gibbons. 1989. Phylogeographic
patterns in mitochondrial DNA of the desert tortoise (Xerobates
agassizi), and evolutionary relationships among the
North American gopher tortoises. Evolution, 43: 76-87. |
Landers, J.L., J.A. Garner & W.A. McRae. 1980. Reproduction
of Gopher Tortoises (Gopherus polyphemus) in
southwestern Georgia. Herpetologica, 36: 353-361. |
| Lips,
K.R. 1991. Vertebrates Associated with Tortoise (Gopherus
polyphemus) Burrows in Four Habitats in South-central
Florida. J. Herpetol., 25(4): 477-481. |
| Lohoefener,
R. & L. Lohmeier. 1981. Comparison of Gopher Tortoise
(Gopherus polyphemus) Habitats in Young Slash
Pine and Old Longleaf Pine Areas of Southern Mississippi.
J. Herpetol., 15(2): 239-242. |
| Long,
D.R. & F.L. Rose. 1989. Pelvic Girdle Size Relationships
in Three Turtle Species. J. Herpetol., 23(3): 315-318. |
| Longshore,
K.M., J.R. Jaeger & J.M. Sappington. 2003. Desert
Tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) Survival at Two
Eastern Mojave Desert Sites: Death by Short-Term Drought?
J. Herpetol., 37(1): 169-177. |
| Lovich,
J.E. & R. Daniels. 2000. Environmental Characteristics
of Desert Tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) Burrow
Locations in an Altered Industrial Landscape. Chel. Conserv.
Biol., 3(4): 714-721. |
| Macdonald,
L.A. & H.R. Mushinsky. 1988. Foraging Ecology of the
Gopher Tortoise, Gopherus polyphemus, in a Sandhill
Habitat. Herpetologica, 44(3): 345-353. |
Marshall, J.F. 1987. The Effects of Nest Predation on
Hatchling Gopher Tortoises (Gopherus polyphemus).
Unpubl. ms thesis, Univ. South Alabama, Mobile. |
Martin, R.P. 1989. Notes on Louisiana Gopher Tortoise
(Gopherus polyphemus) reproduction. Herpetol.
Rev., 20: 36-37. |
| McCoy,
E.D. & H.R. Mushinsky. 1992. Studying a Species in
Decline: Gopher Tortoises and the Dilemma of “Correction
Factors”. Herpetologica, 48(4): 402-407. |
McLaughlin, G.S. 1990. Ecology of Gopher Tortoises (Gopherus
polyphemus) on Sanibel Island, Florida. Unpubl. ms
thesis, Iowa State Univ., Ames. |
| McLuckie,
A.M., T. Lamb, C.R. Schwalbe & R.D. McCord. 1999.
Genetic and Morphometric Assessment of an Unusual Tortoise
(Gopherus agassizii) Population in the Black
Mountains of Arizona. J. Herpetol., 33(1): 36-44. |
| McRae,
W.A., J.L. Landers & G.D. Cleveland. 1981. Sexual
Dimorphism in the Gopher Tortoise (Gopherus polyphemus).
Herpetologica, 37(1): 46-52. |
McRae, W.A., J.L. Landers & J.A. Garner. 1981. Movement
patterns and home range of the Gopher Tortoise. Amer.
Midl. Nat., 106:; 165-179. |
| Means,
D.B. 1982. Responses to Winter Burrow Flooding of the
Gopher Tortoise (Gopherus polyphemus Daudin).
Herpetologica, 38(4): 521-525. |
Medica, P.A., R.B. Bury & R.A. Luckenbach. 1998. Dring
and construction of water catchments by the desert tortoise,
Gopherus agassizii, in the Mojave Desert. Herpetologica,
36: 301-304. |
Morafka, D. 1994. Neonates: missing links in the life
histories of North American tortoises. Pp. 161-173. In:
Bury, R.B. & D.J. Germano (eds.). Biology of
North American Tortoises. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
Fish and Wildlife Research, 13: Washington, DC. |
| Mueller,
J.M., K.R. Sharp, K.K. Zander, D.L. Rakestraw, K.R. Rautenstrauch
& P.E. Lederle. 1998. Size-specific Fecundity of the
Desert Tortoise (Gopherus agassizii). J. Herpetol.,
32(3): 313-319. |
| Murray,
R.C. 1997. Gopherus agassizii. Diet. Herpetol.
Rev., 28(2): 87. |
| Mushinsky,
H.R., D.S. Wilson & E.D. McCoy. 1994. Growth and Sexual
Dimorphism of Gopherus polyphemus in Central
Florida. Herpetologica, 50(2): 119-128. |
| Nagy,
K.A., B.T. Henen & D.B. Vyas. 1998. Nutritional Quality
of Native and Introduced Food Plants of Wild Desert Tortoises.
J. Herpetol., 32(2): 260-267. |
| Nagy,
K.A. & P.A. Medica. 1986. Physiological Ecology of
Desert Tortoises in Southern Nevada. Herpetologica, 42(1):
73-92. |
| Nagy,
K.A., D.J. Morafka & R.A. Yates. 1997. Young Desert
Tortoise Survival Energy, Water, and Food Requirements
in the Field. Chel. Conserv. Biol., 2(3): 396-404. |
| Patterson,
R. & B. Brattstrom. 1972. Growth in Captive Gopherus
agassizi. Herpetologica, 28(2): 169-171. |
| Pearson,
D.C. 1986. The Desert Tortoise and Energy Development
in Southeastern California. Herpetologica, 42(1): 58-59. |
Penninck, D.G., J.S. Stewart, J.P. Murphy & P. Paul.
1991. Ultrasonography of the California desert tortoise
(Xerobates agassizi): anatomy and application.
Vet. Radiol., 32(3): 112-116. |
| Peterson,
C.C. 1994. Physiological Ecology of the Desert Tortoise,
Xerobates agassizii. Pp. 213-225. In: Brown,
P.R. & J.W. Wright (eds.). Herpetology of the North
American Deserts. Proceedings of a Symposium. Southwest.
Herpetol. Soc., Spec. Publ. 5: 1-311. |
Peterson, C.C. 1994. Different rates and causes of high
mortality in two populations of the threatened desert
tortoise Gopherus agassizii. Biol. Conserv.,
70: 101-108. |
Peterson, C.C. 1996. Ecological energetics of the desert
tortoise (Gopherus agassizii): effects of rainfall
and drought. Ecology, 77: 1831-1844. |
Peterson, C.C. 1996. Anhomeostasis: seasonal water and
solute relations in two populations of the desert tortoise
(Gopherus agassizii) during chronic drought.
Physiol. Zool., 69: 1324-1358. |
| Reiber,
C.L., S. Malekpour & M. McDaniel. 1999. Effects of
Post-hatching Maintenance Temperature on Desert Tortoise
(Gopherus agassizii) Shell Morphology and Thermoregulatory
Behavior. J. Herpetol., 33(2): 234-240. |
| Rose,
F.L. & F.W. Judd. 1991. Egg Size Versus Carapace-xiphiplastron
Aperture Size in Gopherus berlandieri. J. Herpetol.,
25(2): 248-250. |
| Schamberger,
M.L. & F.B. Turner. 1986. The Application of Habitat
Modeling to the Desert Tortoise (Gopherus agassizii).
Herpetologica, 42(1): 134-138. |
Schneider, P.B. 1980. A comparison of three methods of
population analysis of the desert tortoise, Gopherus
agassizi. Proc. Desert Tortoise Counc. Symp., 1980:
156-162. |
Schumacher, I.M., D.B. Hardenbrook, M.B. Brown, E.R. Jacobson
& P.A. Klein. 1997. Relationship between clinical
signs of upper respiratory tract disease and antibodies
to Mycoplasma agassizii in desert tortoises from
Nevada. J. Wildl. Diseases, 33: 261-266. |
| Seigel,
R.A., R.B. Smith & N.A. Seigel. 2003. Swine Flu or
1918 Pandemic? Upper Respiratory Tract Disease and the
Sudden Mortality of Gopher Tortoises (Gopherus polyphemus)
on a Proteced Habitat in Florida. J. Herpetol., 37(1):
137-144. |
| Smith,
K.R., J.A. Hurley & R.A. Seigel. 1997. Reproductive
Biology and Demography of Gopher Tortoises (Gopherus
polyphemus) from the Western Portion of their Range.
Chel. Conserv. Biol., 2(4): 596-600. |
Smith, L.L. 1995. Nesting ecology, female home range and
activity, and population size-class structure of the Gopher
Tortoise, Gopherus polyphemus, on the Katharine
Ordway Preserve, Putnam County, Florida. Bull. Florida
Mus. Nat. Hist., 37: 97-126. |
Smith, L.L. 1997. Survivorship of hatchling Gopher Tortoises
in north-central Florida. Pp. 100-103. In: Abbema,
J. van (ed.). Proceedings: Conservation, Restoration,
and Management of Tortoises and Turtles - An International
Conference. New York Turtle and Tortoise Society, New
York. |
| Smith,
R.B., D.R. Breininger & V.L. Larson. 1997. Home Range
Characteristics of Radiotagged Gopher Tortoises on Kennedy
Space Center, Florida. Chel. Conserv. Biol., 2(3): 358-362. |
| Smith,
R.B., R.A. Seigel & K.R. Smith. 1998. Occurrence of
Upper Respiratory Tract Disease in Gopher Tortoise Populations
in Florida and Mississippi. J. Herpetol., 32(3): 426-430. |
| Spotila,
J.R. & E.A. Standora. 1986. Sex Determination in the
Desert Tortoise: A Conservative Management Strategy is
Needed. Herpetologica, 42(1): 67-72. |
| Stratton,
R.F. 1996. The Desert Tortoise, Gopherus agassizi.
Reptile Hobbyist, 2(2): 96-98. |
| Thomas,
D. & E. Blankenship. 2002. Mycoplasma Testing
in the Gopher Tortoise, Gopherus polyphemus,
Along a Pipeline Transect in Mississippi. Herpetol. Rev.,
33(2): 101-103. |
| Tuberville,
T.D. & M.E. Dorcas. 2001. Winter Survey of a Gopher
Tortoise Population in South Carolina. Chel. Conserv.
Biol., 4(1): 182-186. |
| Turner,
F.B. 1986. Management of the Desert Tortoise in California.
Foreword. Herpetologica, 42(1): 56-58. |
| Turner,
F.B., P. Hayden, B.L. Burge & J.B. Roberson. 1986.
Egg Production by the Desert Tortoise (Gopherus agassizii)
in California. Herpetologica, 42(1): 93-104. |
Turner, F.B. & D.C. Randall. 1989. Net production
by shrubs and winter annuals in southern Nevada. J. Arid
Environm., 17: 23-36. |
Turner, F.B., P.A. Medica & C.L. Lyons. 1984. Reproduction
and survival of the desert tortoise (Scaptochelys
agassizii) in Ivanpah Valley, California. Copeia,
1984: 811-820. |
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1987. Endangered and threatened
wildlife and plants; determination of threatened status
for the Gopher Tortoise (Gopherus polyphemus).
Federal Register, 52(129): 25376-25380. |
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1989. Emergency action
taken to protect the desert tortoise. Endangered Species
Technical Bull., 14: 1, 5-6. |
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1990. Gopher Tortoise
Recovery Plan. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Jackson,
MS. |
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1994. Desert tortoise
(Mojave poulation) recovery plan. U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service, Portland, OR. |
| Voris,
S.M. 1998. Alligator mississippiensis and Gopherus
polyphemus. Commensalism. Herpetol. Rev., 29(3):
166. |
| Wallis,
I.R., B.T. Henen & K.A. Nagy. 1999. Egg Size and Annual
Egg Production by Female Desert Tortoises (Gopherus
agassizii): The Importance of Food Abundance, Body
Size, and Date of Egg Shelling. J. Herpetol., 33(3): 394-408. |
| Wilson,
D.S. 1991. Estimates of Survival for Juvenile Gopher Tortoises,
Gopherus polyphemus. J. Herpetol., 25(3): 376-379. |
| Wilson,
D.S., D.J. Morafka, C.R. Tracy & K.A. Nagy. 1999a.
Winter Activity of Juvenile Desert Tortoises (Gopherus
agassizii) in the Mojave Desert. J. Herpetol., 33(3):
496-501. |
Wilson, D.S., H.R. Mushinsky & E.D. McCoy. 1994. Home
range, activity, and burrow use of juvenile tortoises
in central Florida. Pp. 147-160. In: Bury, R.B.
& D.J. Germano (eds.). Biology of North American Tortoises.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Fish and Wildlife Research,
13: Washington, DC. |
| Wilson,
D.S., K.A. Nagy, C.R. Tracy, D.J. Morafka & R.A. Yates.
2001. Water Balance in Neonate and Juvenile Desert Tortoises,
Gopherus agassizii. Herpetol. Monogr., 15: 158-170. |
| Wilson,
D.S., C.R. Tracy, K.A. Nagy & D.J. Morafka. 1999b.
Physical and Microhabitat Characteristics of Burrows Used
by Juvenile Desert Tortoises (Gopherus agassizii).
Chel. Conserv. Biol., 3(3): 448-453. |
| Winokur,
R.M., M. Hicks & N. Chaney. 1998. Morphology and Histology
of the Digestive System of the Desert Tortoise, Gopherus
agassizi. Linnaeus Fund Research Report. Chel. Conserv.
Biol., 3(19: 144-145. |
Woodbury, A.M. & R. Hardy. 1948. Studies of the desert
tortoise, Gopherus agassizii. Ecol. Monogr.,
18: 145-200. |
Wright, J.S. 1982. The Distribution and Population Biology
of the Gopher Tortoise, Gopherus polyphemus,
in South Carolina. Unpubl. ms thesis, Clemson Univ., Clemson,
SC. |
|